Ncn{Xw
DZv`hw
1341
ð s]cnbmdnð Dïmb {]fbw `oIcambncp¶p.B alm{]fb¯nð \n¶mWv sIm¨n cq]saSp¯Xv
F¶v Hcp sFXnlyapïv.Cu {]fbs¯ XpSÀ¶v sImSp§ñqÀ apkncnkv XpdapJw F¡eSnªv
D]tbmK iq\yamhpIbpw sIm¨nbnð Hcp {]IyXnZ¯ XpdapJw DïmhpIbpw sNbvXp F¶mWv
sFXolyw. F¶mð sIm¨nbnse cmPIpSpw_¯n\v CXnt\¡mÄ Gsd ]g¡apïv F¶pw ImWp¶p.
Øe\ma sFXnlyw
FdWmIpfw
inht£{Xhpambn _Ôs¸«v HcpsFXnlyw C{]ImcamWv. lnameb¯nð X]Ê\pjvTn¨ncp¶
Ipepap\nbpsS injy³ Ejn\mK³ im]w In«nbXn\mð \mKambn amdnsb¶pw im]tam£¯n\mbn
_lpfmcWy¯nð Hcp \mKw kq£n¨ncp¶ inhenwKw FSp¯v kly]ÀÆX¯nsâ ]Snªmdp `mKw
hgn k©cn¡pt¼mÄ bm{Xmat[y inhenwKw ISð Xoc¯v hs¨¶pw,AXhnsS Dd¨pt]msb¶pamWv
IY. Ejn\mKIpfw F¶ t]cnedbs¸«ncp¶ B ØeamWv FdWmIpfw F¶mbnamdnbsX¶v sFXnlyw.
"Cc§nbð" F¶ Hcp Xcw tNdnð \n¶mWv FdWmIpfw F¶ t]À DïmbsX¶v asämcp sFXnlyw.
Xangnð inh\v "Cssch³' "Cdb\mÀ' F¶phnfnt¸cpïv. Ccb\mÀIpfamWv FdWmIpfambXv
F¶v asämcp sFXnlyhpw \ne\nð¡p¶p.
sIm¨n cmPyw
"atlmZb
]pcw' AXmbXv C¶s¯ sImSp§ñqÀ XeØm\am¡n `cWw \S¯nbncp¶hcmbncp¶p IpetiJc
N{IhÀ¯namÀ (G. Un. 800 apXð 1102 hsc ) .ChcpsS cïmw tNc km{amPy¯nsâ
inYneoIcWs¯ XpSÀ¶v kzX{´§fmb ]e sNdp cmPy§fpw \nehnð h¶p . Chbnð {][m\s¸«h
thWmSv (XncphnXmwIqÀ ),s]cp¼ S¸v (sIm¨n), tImgnt¡mSv , tIme¯p\mSv F¶nhbmbncp¶p
.
s]cp¼S¸v kzcq]w cmPhwi¯nsâ `cW¯nð h¶ {]tZiamWv ]n¶oSv sIm¨n cmPyambXv
. Ahkm\s¯ tNcam³ s]cpamfnsâ (tIcf N{IhÀ¯n ) ktlmZco ]p{X\mWv s]cp¼S¸v
kzcq]¯nsâ Øm]I³ F¶p hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p . At±lw s]cp¼S¸v \¼qXncnbpsS ]p{X\mbXv
sImïmWv B cmPhwi¯n\v s]cp¼S¸v kzcq]w F¶ t]À ssIh¶Xv . s]cp¼S¸v kzcq]¯nsâ
BØm\w G. Un ]Xnaq¶mw \qämïnsâ Ahkm\w hsc s]m¶m\n Xmeq¡nð s]cp¼S¸v {Kma¯nse
Nn{XIqSambncp¶p . ]Xnaq¶mw \qämïnsâ A´y¯nð atlmZb]pct¯¡v XeØm\w amäs¸«p
. AhnsS \n¶v ]gb sIm¨n ]«W¯nte¡v XeØm\w amänbXv G. Un. 1405 emWv Ime{Ia¯nð
Xy¸qWn¯pd cmPØm\ambn amdn . 1503 apXð 1947 hscbpff Ime¯v t]mÀ¨pKokv
U¨vþ , Cw¥ïv F¶nhcpsS taðt¡mbvabnð sIm¨n¡p Igntbïn h¶p . sIm¨n cmPhwiw
cmjv{Sobamb {]m[m\yw t\SnbXv t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS BKa\¯n\ptijamWv .
]Xn\©mw \qämïmbt¸mtg¡pw a²y tIcf¯nse B[n]Xy¯n\mbn tImgnt¡mSv kmapXncnbpw
sIm¨n cmPmhpw kwL «\§fmcw`n¨p . s]cp¼S¸v kzcq]¯nse A©p XmhgnIÄ X½nepïmb
XÀ¡§Ä ]et¸mgpw sIm¨nbnð B{IaWw \S¯m³ kmaqXncn¡v Ahkcw \ðIpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p
]Xn\©mw \qämïnsâ A´y¯nð tIcf¡cbnse¯nb t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ¡v I¨hSmhiy¯n\mbn
sIm¨n almcmPmhv ]«W¯nð ]mïnIime sI«m³ A\paXn \ðIn . A§s\ I¨hS¯n\mbn
sIm¨nbpambn _Ôw Bcw`n¨p bqtdm]y³amcpsS _Ôw , ]n¶oShcpsS B[n]Xy¯nte¡v
hgn sXfn¨p . kmaqXncnambpïmb kwL«\§fnð ]et¸mgpw ]cmPbs¸« sIm¨ncmPmhv
]Iho«p¶Xn\mbn t]mÀ«p KokpImcpambn N§m¯w IqSn sIm¨ncmPmhnsâ klmbt¯msS
t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ kmaqXncnsb t\cn« t¸mÄ kmaqXncn U¨pImsc Iq«p]nSn¨p . BZyL«¯nð
kmapXncnbpsS ssk\y¯n\p hnPbw ssIhcns¨¦nepw ]n¶oSv t]mÀ«pKokv ssk\ym[n]³
Að_p_¡À¡nsâ t\XyXz¯nepff tk\¡p ap³]nð kmaqXncnbpsS ssk\y¯n\v IogSt§ïn
h¶p . ssh¸n³, CS¸ffn F¶nhnS§fnð \S¶ bp²§fnð kmaqXncnbpsS ssk\y¯n\v henb
\mi\jvS§Ä t\cn«p .
BPò i{Xp¡fmb kmaqXncntbbpw CS¸Ån cmPmhnt\bpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯phm³ IgnªXnð
sIm¨n cmPmhn\v henb kw]vXy]vXn tXm¶n . Cu kµÀ`w D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n t]mÀ«pKokpImÀ
sIm¨n ]«W¯nð Hcp tIm«]Wnbphm³ cmPmhnsâ A\paXn tXSn . cmPmhv kz´w sNehnð
B tIm« ]Wnbn¨p sImSp¡phm\pw X¿dmbn . A¶s¯ t]mÀ«pKokv cmPmhnsâ \mat[bw
\ðInb tIm« C½m\phð tIm« F¶dnbs¸«p . C´ybnð bqtdm]y³ amcpsS BZy s¯ tIm«bmWnXv
. Cu tIm«bpsS AhinjvS§Ä t]mepw C¶nñ .
]Xnt\gmw \qämïnsâ A´y¯nð t]mÀ«pKokpImcyw U¨pImcpw X½nð C´ybnð B[n]Xyw
t\Sm³ iànbmb aÕcw \S¶p . tIcf¯nð X§Ä IcØam¡nb Øe§Ä¡mbpff aÕc¯nð kmaqXncnbpw
U¨pImcqw Hcp `mK¯pw. t]mÀ«pKokpImcpw sIm¨ncmPmhpw adp`mK¯pambn AWn\nc¶p
. sImSp§ñqcnð 1662 ð CcpiànIfpw Gäpap«nbt¸mÄ t]mÀ«pKokpImcpsS sImSp§ñqÀ
tIm« U¨pImÀ IogS§n . ]n¶oSv U¨pImÀ sIm¨nbnse tIm«bpw B{Ian¨v IogS§n
. 1663 ð t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡p tað hnPbw t\Snb U¨p ImÀ sIm¨nbnse AhcpsS A[o\Xbnem¡n
. (2)
1663 amÀ¨v 20 \v sIm¨n cmPmhv U¨v CuÌv C´ym I¼\nbpambn IcmdnteÀs¸«p
. Icmd\pkcn¨v hntZim{I aW¯nð \n¶v sIm¨nsb c£n¡m\pff NpaXe U¨pImÀ GsäSp¯p
. Bhiyapff kvvYe§fn\ tIm«sI«phm\pff A\phmZhpw IpcpapfInsâ IbäpaXnbnepw
Idp¸nsâ Cd¡paXnbnepff Ip¯Ibpw AhÀ ssIhiam¡n.
(1)t]mÀ¨pKenð \n¶v s]t{Um Aðhmdnkv I{_mÄ 1500 ð sIm¨nbnð h¶p . 1502
ð hmkvtImUKmabpw F¯nbXmbn Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p . tIm« sIm¯f§fpw ]ffnIfpw
AhcptSXmbn kw`mh\bpïv . 1511 ð BZys¯ ss{]adnkv¡qÄ Bcw`n¨Xpw cïp ]Xnämïn\ptijw
Hcmip]{Xn XpS§nbXpw AhcmWv . \½psS `mjbv¡v 270 ð Gsd hm¡pIÄ AhÀ k½m\n¨n«pïv
. ]mXncnbpw I¸n¯m\pw taibpw Itkcbpw Fñmw hn`hambn IcpXp¶ ]p«pw CSnb¸hpw
]mepw t]mˬpKokv kw`mh\IfmWv .
(2) IogS§nb t]mÀ¨pKokpImcnð hnhmlnXsc tKmhbv¡pw AhnhmlnXsc bqtdm¸nte¡pw
Ab¨p F¶v Ncn{Xw . henb I¸n¯m³ hm³Kq¬kp tP¡_v lÌmÀ«pw Bbncp¶p U¨v ]S\mbI³amÀ
(3) 1741 se Ipf¨ð bp²t¯msS U¨pImcpsS B[n]Xyw CfIn . XncphnXmwIqÀ ssk\yt¯mSv
AhÀ ]cmPbs¸«p. kmaqXncnbnð \n¶p sslZcmenbnð \n¶pw ]cmPb§Ä Gäp hm§nb
U¨pImcpsS {]Xm]w Ahkm\n¨p . 1795 ð sIm¨nbnse U¨v tIm« Cw¥ojpImÀ IogS§n
. 1791 ð {_n«ojv taðt¡mbva Hcp DS¼SneqsS sIm¨n AwKo Icn¨tXmsSbmWv 1947
hsc \oï A[n\nthitjm¯n\p XpS¡ambXv .
20mw \qämïnsâ a²y]mZwhsc
P\kwJy.
1910 ð P\kwJy 23192 Bbncp¶p.Gähpw IqSpXð P\hmkhpw I¨hShpw A`nhy²nbpw
DïmbXv a«mt©cn,t^mÀ«psIm¨n taJebnembncp¶p.sIm{]]n®m¡v Nmb d_À IpcpapfIv
Cu«n XpS§nbh Ibän Ab¨ncp¶p.Z£ntW´ybnse {][m\ hym]mctI{µambncp¶p sIm¨n.
14 `mjIÄ kwkmcn¨ncp¶ hnhn[ PmXn aXhn`mK¡mÀ ChnsS Xmakn¨ncp¶p.t^mÀ«psIm¨nbnð
HcpkÀ¡mÀ Bip]{XnDïmbncp¶p.
1947 t£{X{]thi\ hnfw_c¯n\pap¼v Abn¯mNcWw FñmcwK¯papïmbncp¶p. _mÒWÀ¡pam{Xambn
tlm«epIÄ Dïmbncp¶p. FdWmwIpfw tItfPnð lnµp {InkvXy³ apÉow tlmÌepIÄ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p.PmXn
Xncn¨mbncp¶pP\§Ä Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv. NnäqÀ tdmUpapXð chn]pcw hsc \mbÀ Xdhm«pImÀ,
FdWmIpfw amÀ¡än\p kao]w {]apJ CughIpSpw_¡mÀ,Imbð Xoc¯v aÕysXmgnemfnIÄ,
P\§Ä Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv C{]Imcambncp¶p. sslt¡mSXnsI«nSw apXð tXhc hsc Imbð
Xoc¯v aÕysXmgnemfn IpSpw_§Ä (IpSnepIÄ)Bbncp¶p. Xnct¡dnb ]ßPwKv£³ ]p©¸mSambncp¶p.
hÀj¡me¯v ]cnkchmknIÄ h©nIfn¨ncp¶ ØeamWXv. _m\ÀPn tdmUv apXð ]memcnh«w
hsc tXmSmbncp¶p. ]p©t¯mSvF¶vt]À. skâv Bð_ÀSvkv kv¡qÄ Ccn¡p¶ Øew Xp¼¸d¼v
F¶ t]cnembncp¶p Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. Imbð hgn h©nbneqsSbmbncp¶p km[mcWbm{X.
sIm¨nbnð \n¶v sImSp§ñqÀ¡pw Be¸pg¡pw sImñt¯¡pwh©nbm{Xbmbncp¶p. cïp\qämïp]g¡apÅ
FdWmIpfw t_m«v sP«nbnð \n¶mWv(t_m«v)h©n bm{X XpS§nbXv. Imbð Xoc¯v aÕysXmgnemfnIfpw
t{_mUv thbnð Idp¯ PqX³amcmbncp¶p I¨hS¡mÀ. ChcptSXmb Hcpivaim\w skâv
sXtckmkv tImtfPn\p Ing¡phiw ImWmw. Ccp]Xmw \qämïnsâ XpS¡¯nð sIm¨ncmPy¯v
hoSv HmSv tabm³ \mbÀ kapZmb¯n\p am{Xambncp¶p A\phmZw. AXn\v sIm¨n cmPmhnsâ
{]tXyI A\phmZw thWambncp¶p. AhÀ®À¡v Hme¸pcbpw ssht¡mð taª]pcbpambncp¶p.
sIm¨nbnð Xohïn BZyw F¯nbXv 1902 ð BWv. A¶s¯ dbnðth tÌj³ C¶s¯ sslt¡mSXn¡p
]n¶nembncp¶p. ImbenðBZyw t_m«vkÀhokv \S¯nbXvFdWmIpf¯p\n¶pw a«mt©cnbnte¡vv
Bbncp¶p. A¶s¯ t_m«pIÄ Xot_m«pIÄ F¶t]cnemWv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. 1939 BWv BZyambn
_kv kÀÆokv XpS§nbXv 8 t]À¡v Ibdmhp¶ Ið¡cn I¯n¡p¶ _ÊpIÄ BWv BZyambn sIm¨nbnð
kÀÆokv XpS§nbXv. A¶s¯ {][m\ (atämcp hml\w )cïW NmÀÖv dn£mhïnbmWv.
sIm¨n (F.Un 800 apXð F Un 1102 hsc)
F Un 800 apXð 1102 hsc atlmZb]pcw
BØm\am¡n `cWw \S¯nbncp¶hcmbncp¶p IpetiJcN{IhÀ¯namÀ. B atlmZb]pcw BWv
C¶s¯ sImSp§ñqÀ. cïmw tNckm{amPy¯nsâ inYoeoIcWs¯ XpSÀ¶v kzX{´§fmb ]e
sNdpcmPy§fpw \nehnð h¶p. Chbnð {][m\s¸«hbmWv thWmSv(XncphnXmwIqÀ), s]cp¼S¸v(sIm¨n)
tImgnt¡mSv,tIme¯p\mSv F¶nh. s]cp¼S¸vkzcq]w cmPhwi¯nsâ Øm]I³ tIcfN{IhÀ¯n
F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶ tNcam³ s]cpamfnsâ ktlmZcn ]p{X\mWvF¶v hnizkn¡p¶p. Cu
{]tZiamWv ]n¶oSv sIm¨n cmPysa¶ t]cnð Adnbs¸«Xv. F.Un 13mw \qämïnsâ A´y¯nð
atlmZb]pct¯¡v XeØm\w amäs¸«p. F .Un 1405 emWv XeØm\w ]gbsIm¨n ]«W¯nte¡v
amänbXv. Ime{Ia¯nð Xr¸qWn¯pd cmPØm\ambnamdn.
t]mˬpKokp`cWImew
1503 apXð 1947 hscbpÅ Ime¯mWv t]mÀ¨pKokv
U¨v, Cw¥ïv F¶nhcpsS taðt¡mbvabnð sIm¨n¡p Igntbïn h¶Xv. sIm¨n cmPhwiw
cmjv{Sobamb {]m[m\yw t\SnbXv t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS BKa\¯n\p tijamWv. 15mw
\qämïv Bbt¸mtg¡pw a[ytIcf¯nse B[n]Xy¯n\pthïn tImgnt¡mSvkmaqXncpbpw sIm¨n
cmPmhpw kwL«\§fmcw`n¨p. s]cp¼S¸p kzcq]¯nse A©pXmhgnIÄ X½nepïmb XÀ¡§Ä
]et¸mgpw sIm¨nbnð B{IaWw \S¯m³ kmaqXncn¡v Ahkcw Hcp¡n. kmaqXncnbpambn
Dïmb kwL«\§fnð ]et¸mgpw ]cmPbs¸« sIm¨n cmPmhv t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpambn N§m¯w
Øm]n¨p. I¨hS¯n\mbn ]«W¯nð ]mïnIime sI«m³ AhÀ¡v cmPmhv A\paXn \ðIn. I¨hS¯n\mbn
_Ôw Bcw`n¨ bqtdm]y³amcpsS _Ôw ]n¶oSv AhcpsS B[n]Xy¯nte¡v hgnsXfn¨p.
t]mÀ¨pKenð \n¶v s]t{Um Aðhmdokv I{_mÄ 1500 ð sIm¨nbnð h¶p. 1502 ð hmkvtImUKmabpw
F¯nbXmbn Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. tIm«Ifpw sIm¯f§fpw ]ÅnIfpw AhcptSXmbn kw`mh\bpïv.
1511 ð BZys¯ ss{]adn kvIqÄ Bcw`n¨Xpw cïq]Xnämïn\ptijw Hcp Bip]{Xn XpS§nbXpw
t]mÀ¨pKokpImcmWv. \½psS `mjbv¡v 270 ð]cw hm¡pIÄ AhÀ k½m\n¨n«pïv. ]mXncnbpw
I¸n¯m\pw taibpwItkcbpw Fñmw t]mÀ¨pKokv kw`mh\IfmWv. aebmfnIfpsS kz´w
hn`hambn IcpXp¶ ]q«pw, CSnb¸hpw ]mepw t]mÀ¨pKokv kw`mh\IfmWv. ]et¸mgpw
sIm¨ncmPmhn\p bp²]cmPbw t\cntSïnh¶n«psï¦nepw, t]mÀ¨pKokv ssk\ym[n]³
Að _q¡À¡nsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ tk\bpsS ap¼nð kmaqXncnbpsS ssk\y¯n\p IogSt§ïnh¶p.
ssh¸n³, CS¸Ån F¶nhnS§fnð \S¶ bp²§fnð kmaqXncnbpsS ssk\y¯n\p h³\miw t\cn«p.
kmaqXncntbbpw CS¸Ån cmPmhnt\bpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯m³ IgnªXnð sIm¨ncmPmhn\pw
henb kwXr]vXn tXm¶n. Cu kµÀ`w D]tbmKn¨v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ sIm¨n]«W¯nð Hcp
tIm« ]Wnbphm³ cmPmhnsâ A\paXn tXSn. cmPmhv kz´w Nnehnð B tIm« ]Wnbn¨p
sImSp¡m³ X¿mdmbn. A¶s¯ t]mÀ¨pKokv cmPmhnsâ \mat[bw \ðInb tIm« C½m\phð
tIm« F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. C´ybnse bqtdm]yòmsS BZys¯ tIm«bmWnXv. Cu tIm«bpsS
AhinjvS§Ä t]mepw C¶nñ.
1. D®n cma³ tImbnðþ11 (1503þ1537)
Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ
sIm¨nbnð AhcpsS B[n]Xy¯n\p ASn¯d ]mInbXv. 1505 ð t]mÀ¨pKokv ssht{kmbn
{^m³knkv Un AðssaU sIm¨nbnð F¯n. IncoSmhImiw CfbXmhgnbnðs¸« hyànIÄ¡mWv
F¶ hyhØ D®ncma³ tImbnð 11 sâ Ime¯mWv \nehnð h¶Xv .
2. hoc tIcf hÀ½ (1537þ
65)
KwKm[c hoc tIcf³ F¶ t]cnð
Adnbs¸«ncp¶ cmPmhmbncp¶p hoctIcfhÀ½. 1542 ð Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv skâv :
tkhyÀ tIcf¯nð (sIm¨nbnð) F¯nbXv . 1549 ð t]mÀ¨pKokv KhÀWÀ ]ffqcp¯n t£{XwsImffbSn¨p.
1555 ð hoctIcfhÀ½ almcmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ a«mt©cn sIm«mcw
]WnXXv. U¨pImÀ ]n¶oSXv ]pXp¡n]WnXXpsImïmWv a«mt©cn ]mekv F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶Xv.
1565 s^{_phcnbnðAt±lw sImñs¸«p .
3. tIih cmahÀ½ (1565þ1601)
t]mÀ¨pKokv `cWImeL«¯nse {]ikvX\mb
`cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶p tIih cma hÀ½. 1567 ð Ct±l ¯nsâ Ime¯mWv sIm¨nbnð PqXòmÀ
Xmakapd¸n¨Xv . a«mt©cn ]mekn\cnsI Hcp PqXs¯cphpw Dïm¡n. Xncpae tZhkzw
XpS§m\mbn a«mt©cnbnð sIm¦nWnIÄ¡v Øehpw A\phZn¨p.
4. hoc tIcf hÀ½ (1601 þ 15)
1609 ð hoc tIcfhÀ½ cmPmhnsâ `cWIme¯mWv BZys¯ {_n«ojv I¸ð sIm¨nbnse¯nbXv.
C«nIpamc tat\ms\ h[n¨v aXneIw ]nSn¨S¡nbXv Ct±lamWv .
5. chnhÀ½ (1615 þ24)
1615þ apXð 1624 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ chnhÀ½ cmPmhnsâ `cWImew {]tXyIXIÄ H¶panñm¯
Hcp ImeL«ambncp¶p . 1624 chnhÀ½ cmPmhv CltemIhmkw shSnªp .
6. hoctIcf hÀ½ (1624 þ 1637 )
aXneIw A§mSn ]nSns¨Sp¯XmWv Ct±l¯nsâ Imes¯ Hcp {][m\ kw`hw. 1937 Pqembv
11 \v At±lw A´cn¨p .
7. tKmZhÀ½ (1637 þ 45 )
Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯v apcn§qÀ Xmhgn CfbXmhgnbpambn IqSnt¨À¶p. aq¯Xmhgnbnð \n¶pw
]ffqcp ¯n Xmhgnbnð \n¶pw CfbXmhgnbnte¡v Zs¯Sp¯ncp¶p. hoctIcfhÀ½bpsS
Cfb ktlmZc\mWv tKmZ hÀ½ cmPmhv .
8. hoc cmbnc hÀ½ (1645 þ 46 )
hoctIcfhÀ½bptSbpw tKmZhÀ½bptSbpw ktlmZc\mbncp¶p hoccmbnc hÀ½. Ct±l¯nsâ
acW t¯msS Cfb Xmhgnbnð B¬ k´XnIÄ CñmXmbn.
9. hoctIcf hÀ½ . (1645 þ 50 )
CfbXmhgnbnð B¬ k´XnIÄ CñmXmbt¸mÄ ]ffqcp¯n Xmhgnbnð \n¶pw tKmZhÀ½ cmPmhnsâ
Ime¯v Zs¯Sp¯XmWv hoctIcfhÀ½ cmPmhns\.
10. cmahÀ½ ( 1650 þ 56 )
Nmgnbqcnð \n¶pw Zs¯Sp¯ cmahÀ½bmWv 1650 apXð 1656 hsc sIm¨n `cn¨Xv. 1656
ð At±lw A´cn¨p.
11. dmWn KwKm[c e£van . ( 1656
þ 58 )
cmahÀ½bpsS acW tijw henb½X¼pcm³ doPâv Bbn `cWw GsäSp¯p. dmWn KwKm[c
e£van bmWv sIm¨n cmPyw `cn¨ GI h\nX. sh«¯p \m«nð \n¶pw Abncqcnð \n¶pw
A©p B¬ Ip«nIsf AhÀ Zs¯Sp¯p. AXnð Gähpw {]mbapff D®n cmahÀ½ 1658 almcmPmhmbn
Øm\taäp.
12. cmahÀ½ ( 1658 þ 62 )
sh«¯p\m«nð \n¶pw dmWn KwKm[ce£van Zs¯Sp¯ B¬Ip«nIfnð Gähpw apXnÀ¶ BfmWv
cmahÀ½ . cmPy`cWw \ntj[n¨Xn\mð aq¯Xmhgnbnse hoctIcfhÀ½ cmPyw hn«p. cmPy`cWw
t\Sn sbSp¡m\pff (Gäp ap«en\nSbnð ) aÕc§Ä¡nSbnð cmahÀ½ almcmPmhpw NmgnbqÀ
cmPy¯nð \n¶p Zs¯Sp¯ hoctIcf hÀ½bpw a«mt©cn ]mekn\Sp¯p h¨v sImñs¸«p.
13. tKmZhÀ½ ( 1662 þ 63 )
cmahÀ½ sImñs¸«Xn\p tijw tKmZhÀ½ sIm¨n cmPmhmbn. 1663 P\phcnbnð U¨pImÀ
sIm¨n sIm«mcw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. tKmZhÀ½ U¨pImÀ¡p IogS§pIbpw sNbvXp. cmahÀ½
almcmPmhnsâ Iog S§temsS sIm¨nbnse t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS B[n]Xyw Ahkm\n¨p.
U¨v`cWImew
17mw \qämïnsâ A´y¯nð U¨pImcpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpw
X½nð C´ybnð B[n]Xyw t\Sm³ iànbmb aÕcw \S¶p. tIcf¯nð X§Ä IcØam¡nb Øe§Ä¡mbpÅ
aÕc¯nð kmaqXncnbpw U¨pImcpw Hcp`mK¯pw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpw sIm¨ncmPmhpw adp`mK¯pambn
AWn\nc¶p. sImSp§ñpcnð 1662 ð CcpiànIfpw Gäpap«nbt¸mÄ t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS
sImSp§ñqÀ tIm« U¨pImÀ IogS¡n. 1663 ð t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡ptað hnPbw t\Snb
U¨pImÀ sIm¨nsb AhcpsS A[o\Xbnem¡n. IogS§nb t]mÀ¨pKokpImcnð hnhmlnXsc
tKmh¡pw AhnhmlnXsc bptdm¸nte¡pw Ab¨p F¶v Ncn{Xw. henb I¸n¯m³ hm³ Kq¬kpw,
tP¡_v lÌmÀ«pw Bbncp¶p U¨v ]S\mbIòmÀ. 1663 amÀ¨v 20 \v sIm¨n cmPmhv U¨v
CuÌv C³Uym I¼\nbpambn IcmdnteÀs¸«p.Icmd\pkcn¨v hntZim{IaW¯nð \n¶v sIm¨nsbc£n¡m\pÅ
NpaXe U¨pImÀ FsäSp¯p. ]Icw BhiyapÅ Øe§fnð tIm«sI«phm\pÅ A\phmZhpw IpcpapfInsâ
IbäpaXnbnepw Idp¸nsâ Cd¡paXnbnepÅ Ip¯Ibpw AhÀ ssIhiam¡n. 1663 apXð 1795
hscbmbncp¶p U¨pImcpsS sIm¨nbnse kphÀWImew. tIm«sIm¯f§Ä¡v A¸pdw U¨pImcpsS
Hcp kw`mh\bmWv "tlmÀ¯pkv C³Un¡kv ae_mdn¡kv " F¶]pkvXIw. Xt±iobcmb ]WvUnXòmcpsS
klmbt¯msS slânIv hm³{UoUnsâ Xmev]cy¯nð cNn¡s¸«v Hcp {KÙamWv"tlmÀ¯qkv
C³Un¡kv ae_mdn¡kv'. AÀtWmkv ]mXncnbpw B©temkv {^m³kokpw aebmf`mj¡v hymIcWw
FgpXnbXpw U¨pImcpsS `cWIme¯mWv.
t^mÀ¯qkv ae_mdn¡kv
tIcf¯nse kkyk¼¯ns\ ]än imkvXyobambn
hnhcn¡p¶ BZys¯ B[nImcnI {KÙamWv t^mÀ¯qkv ae_mdn¡kv. e¯o³ `mjbnð FgpXs¸«
Cu {KÙw FgpXnbXv aebmfnbñ .F¶mð Ncn{X¯nð BZyambn aebmf A£c§Ä ap{ZWw
sN¿s¸«Xp CXnemWv . 17þmw \qämïnsâ ]IpXnbnð sIm¨nbnð U¨v KhÀWdmbncp¶
sl³nIv B³{Ubð hmâoUv BWv tlmÀ¯qkv ae_mdn¡knsâ IÀ¯mhv . tlmfïnse BwÌÀ
Umanð 1678 ð Cu ]pkvXI¯nsâ BZy hmfyw A¨Sn¨p . 15 hÀjw sImïmWv hm³doUv
Cu {KÙw X¿mdm¡nbXv . 12 hmfy§fnembn 1595 t]PpIfpïv 742 kkyPme§sf Ipdn¨pff
hnhc§fpïv . {]ivkvX \m«p sshZy\mbncp¶ C«n A¨ypX³ X¿mdm¡nb Imcfmcmaw
BWv tlmÀ¯qkv ae_mdn¡kv cNn¡p¶Xn\v klmb IcambsX¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶p . {KÙcN\bnð
klmbn¨ \m«p sshZy\vamcmb C«n A¨ypX³ A¸p`«v cwK`«v , hn\mbIv ]Þnäv Cämenb³
anj\dn {_ZÀ amXyqkv XpS§nbhcpsS t]cpIÄ ape{KÙ¯nepïv .
{_n«ojv `cWImew
1741 ð Ipf¨ð bp²t¯msS U¨pImcpsS
B[n]Xyw CfIn. XncphnXmwIqÀ ssk\yt¯mSv U¨pssk\yw ]cmPbs¸«p. ]n¶oSv kmaqXncnbnð
\n¶pw sslZcmenbnð \n¶pw ]cmPbw Gäphm§nb U¨pImcpsS {]Xm]w Ahkm\n¨p.1795
ð sIm¨nbnse U¨vtIm« Cw¥ojpImÀ IogS¡n. 1791 ð {_n«ojpw sIm¨nbpw X½nepïmb
Hcp DS¼SnbneqsSbmWv {_n«ojv A[n\nthi¯n\pXpS¡ambXv. Bip]{XnIÄ, Cw¥ojv
kvIqfpIÄ, sdbnðth, XpdapJ hnIk\w F¶n§s\ Cw¥ojpImÀ sIm¨n¡p \ðInb kw`mh\IÄ
hfsc hepXmWv. t^mÀ«psIm¨nbnð ap\nkn¸menänbpïm¡n kzbw `cW¯n\v XpS¡an«Xv
Cw¥ojpImcmWv. \nch[n _m¦pIfpw AhcpsS kw`mh\bmbpïv.
Znhm³amÀ
1812þð sIm¨nbnð Znhm³ `cWw \nehnð
h¶p. 135 sImñs¯ Ncn{XamWv Znhm³`cWn\v DffXv. C´y kzX{´amIp¶Xp hsc Ccp]¯n\mev
Znhm³amÀ ChnsS Dïmbncp¶p. tIWð a¬tdm (1812þ1818) BWv {]Ya Znhm³.dmWmZmÀamÀ
F¶ t]cnð t]meokv tk\ \hoIcn¨p. B[p\nI coXnð HmUnäv A¡uïv k{¼Zmbw Bcw`n¨p.
\yq\]£w kapZmb Xmev]cyw kwc£n¨ncp¶p. \©¸¿ (1818þ1825) ASnaIsf bPam³amÀ
D]{Zhn¡p¶Xv \ntcm[n¨psImïv 1821þð Hcp hnfw_cw {]Jym]n¨p. sIm¨nbnð Isïgp¯v
Bcw`n¡p¶Xv C¡me¯v ]p¯³ F¶ \mWbw \S¸nem¡nbXv \©¸bmWv ]n¶oSv tijKncndmhp
(1825þ1830) FSa\ i¦ctat\m³ (1830þ1835) F¶nhcmbncp¶p. 1835þ1840 Ime¯v
`cn¨ncp¶ sh¦S kpº¿ ImÀjnI ]²XnIÄ¡v ap³Xq¡w sImSp¯ Znhm\mWv. \m«p`mjmhnZymeb§Ä
\nÀ¯n Iqsd IqSn sa¨s¸« hnZymeb§Ä Øm]n¨p. (1840þ1856) Imew `cn¨ Znhm\mbncp¶
i¦chmcyÀ \tñmcp `cW X{´PRv\pw ]cnjvIÀ¯mhpambncp¶p At±lw [\Imcy¯nembncp¶p
{i² ]Xn¸n¨Xv. Fensaâdn Cw¤ojv kvIqÄ Øm]n¨p(Ct¸mgs¯ almcmPmkv tImtfPv).
FdWmIpf¯v [Àamip]{Xnbpw C¡me¯v Øm]n¨p. CXv ]nð¡me¯v P\dð Bip]{Xnbmbn
hfÀ¶p.1856þ1860ð Znhm\mb sh¦Sdmhphn\p P\{]oXn t\Sm\mIm¯ Hcp Znhm\mbncp¶p.
]n¶oSv 1860þapXð 1879 hsc hÀjw Znhm\mbncp¶ tXm«¡m«v i¦p®ntat\m³ h¡oe³amÀ¡pw
PUvPnamÀ¡pw tbmKyXm ]co£ \nÝnbn¨p sImïv \oXn\ymb`cWw ]cnjvIcn¨p. 1856
ðHcp bqtdm]y³ F³Pn\obdpsS Iognð s]mXpacma¯v hIp¸v Bcw`n¨p. FdWmIpfs¯
Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ sk¡âv t{KUv tImtfPmbn DbÀ¯n. 1879þ1889 ð i¦p®ntat\msâ ktlmZc³
tXm«¡m«v tKmhnµtat\m³ Znhm\mbn. Imbð \nI¯n FdWmIpf¯nsâ Xoc{]tZiw \¶m¡nsbSp¯Xv
Cu Ime¯mWv. kzImcy hnZymeb§Ä¡v [\klmbw \ðInbncp¶Xv BZyambn tKmhnµ tat\m³
Znhm\mbt¸mgmWv . \m«p`mjbnepw Cw¥ojnepapÅ kÀ¡mÀ {]mYanI hnZymeb§Ä Xpd¶Xv
Xncnsh¦nSmNmcy (1889þapXð 1892 hsc) Bbncp¶p. (1892þ96) Imes¯ Znhm\mb
Pn.kp{_ÒWy]nÅ BtcmKyhIp¸v ]p\kwLSn¸n¨p. (1896þ1901) ð Znhm\mbncp¶ cmPtKm]memNcnbpsS
Ime¯mWv, sjmÀWqÀ FdWmIpfw Xohïn¸mXbpsS \nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯nbmbXv. C¡me¯v sIm¨nbnð
Hcp No^v PÌnkpw cïv PUvPnamcpapÅ Hcp No^v tImÀ«v Øm]n¨p . PbnepIÄ ]cnjvIcn¨p
. Cu kab¯v ]pcbnS§fpsS AXnÀ¯n \nÝbn¡p¶ kÀtÆbpw Bcw`n¨ncp¶p . (1901 þ
1902 ) ð Fð. tem¡n³tbpw (1902 -þ 1907 ) ð F³ ]«m`ncmadmhphntâbpw Ime¯v
Cu kÀtÆ XpScpIbpw sNbvXp .
1907þ 1914 ð G. BÀ. _m\ÀPn Znhm\mbncp¶ Ime¯mWv Isïgp¯v ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXpw
`qan kw_Ôamb tcJIÄ kq£n¡m³ GÀ¸mSp¡pIbpw sNbvXpw . 1910 se ap³kn¸ð sdKptej³
A\pkcn¨v \KckanXnIÄ¡v cq]w \ðIn. s]mXpP\mtcmKy hIp¸v GÀs¸Sp¯n. km\nädn
C³kvs]IvSÀamsc \nban¨p . FdWmIpfw \Kc¯n te¡v sNmÆcbnð \n¶v ip²Pe hnXcWw
XpS§n .
1914 þ 1919 ð Znhm\mb sP. U»yq t`mÀ `q\nba]cn£mc§fmWv IqSpXepw \S¸nem¡nbXv
. {Kma]©m b¯pIfpw klIcWkwL§fpw Cu Ime¯v cq]w sImïp .
1919 þ 1922 ð Znhm\mb Sn hnPbcmLhmNmcn ]nt¶m¡ hn`mK§fpsS t£a¯n\pthïn
{]hÀ¯n¨ Bfmbncp¶p . 1920 ð sIm¨nbnse BZys¯ kmaqly \nba \nÀ½mWamb \mbÀ
sdKptej³ BIvSv \S¸nem¡n . kv{Xo hnZym`ymk¯n\v hfsc {]Nmcw C¡me¯pïmbn
F¶Xv FSp¯p ]dtbï H¶mWv .
1922þ1925 ð Znhm\mb ]n. \mcmbW tat\msâ Ime¯mWv BZyambn sIm¨n¡v sePntÉäohv
Iu¬knð DïmbXv sIm¨n XpdapJ ]²XnbpsS BZyL«w Cu kab¯v ]qÀ¯nbmbn . 1925
þ 1930 Sn. F. Fkv \mcmbW¿ cpsS Ime¯mWv \Kc§fnð ip² PehnXcWw XpS§nbXv
.
1930 þ 1935 ð kn Pn slÀ_À«v Znhm\mbncn¡pt¼mÄ sIm¨n þ sjmÀWqÀ Xohïn¸mX
aoäÀ tKPnð \n¶pw t{_mUv tKPm¡n amän . AhikapZmb¯nsâ kwc£W¯n\pthïn Hcp
{]tXyI hIp¸v Dïm¡n .
1935 þ 1941 Znhm\mbncp¶ kÀ BÀ . sI. j¬apJw sN«nbpsS Ime¯v sIm¨nbnse
sk{I«dnbäv B[p\nI coXnbnð kwhn[m\w sNbvXp . sIm¨n XpdapJ hnIk\ ]²Xn
hnPbIcambn ]qÀ¯nbm¡n . kapZmb{Ia¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nð kÀ¡mÀ DtZymK§fnte¡v XncsªSp¸v
\S¯m³ Hcp {]tXyI kanXn Dïm¡n . 1938 Pq¬ 18 \v sIm¨nbnse sslt¡mSXn Hu]NmcnIambn
DðLmS\w sNbvXp . CtX hÀjw sIm¨nbnse IpSnbm³ \nbahpw \S¸nembn . Nne kÀ¡mÀ
hIp¸pIfpsS `cWw \nbak`tbmSv D¯chmZnXzapff Hcp a´nsb Gð¸n¡p¶ Zzn`cW k{¼Zmbw
BÀ. sI. j¬apJw sN«nbptSXmWv .
1941þ1943 ð F F^v U»yq UnIvk¬ 1943 1944 kÀ tPmÀÖv t_mKv 1944þ1947 kn
]n IcpWmIctat\m³ F¶nhcmbncp¶p ]n¶oSv sIm¨n `cn¨ Znhm³amÀ
sIm¨nbnemZyw
1) BtcmKy Ncn{Xw
1802þ ð hkqcns¡Xncmb hmIvknt\j³
\ðInb sImïmWv sIm¨nbnse s]mXpP\mtcmKy {]hÀ¯\§Ä Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. Bdv hmIvknt\äÀamÀ
AS§p¶ kwLs¯ 1812 ð kÀ¡mÀ \ntbmKns¨¦nepw \qämïnsâ ]IpXn hsc {]Xntcm[Ip¯nshbv]nt\mSv
P\§Ä¡v `bambncp¶p . bqtdm]y³ NnInÕ sIm¨nbnse¯p¶Xv 1818 ð BWv.anjWdnbmbncp¶
dh. sP. tUhnk¬ a«mt©cn bnsemcp Unkv]³kdn Xpd¶tXmsSbmWv . F¶mð P\§fpsS
`bw amäm³ CXn\pw Ignªnñ . kÀ¡mÀ {Km³Uv e`n¨ncps¶¦nepw cïp aq¶p hÀj§Ä¡pffnð
¯s¶ AXv AS¨p]qt«ïnh¶p . 1823 ð sIm¨nbnse ZÀ_mÀ ^nknjy\mbn¯oÀ¶ Hcp {_n«ojv
knhnð kÀP\pw FdWmIpfw, XyiqÀ F¶nhnS§fnse PbnepIfnð D]NnInÕ¡v {]Nmcapïm¡n
sImSp¯p . B[p\nI NnInÕbpsS KpWhi§Ä P\§Ä thKw Xncn¨dnªp .
2) FdWmIpfw P\dð Bip]{Xn
C¡me¯mWv sIm¨nbnse BZys¯ kÀ¡mÀ
Bip]{Xnbmb FdWmIpfw Nmcnän tlmkv]näð {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¡p¶Xv . tcmKnIsf InS¯n
NnIÕn¡phm\pff kuIcyhpw Hm¸tdj³ Xobähpw kv{XnIÄ¡pw Ip«nIÄ¡pw thïnbpff
{]tXyI hmÀUpIfpw , Hu«v t]jyâv Unkvs]³kdnbpambn 1848 (1845) ð Øm]n¨
Bip]{Xn ]n¶oSv FdWmIpfw P\dð tlmkv]näð Bbn ¯oÀ¶p . XpSÀ¶v \nch[n BXpcmeb§Ä
Hs¶m¶mbn sIm¨nbnð {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨p . 1911 HmSpIqSn 9 Bip]{XnIfpw 8 Unkvs]³kdnIfpw
sk³{Sð Pbnent\mSp tNÀ¶v Hcmip]{Xnbpw DĸsS 17 saUn¡ð Øm]\§Ä sIm¨nbnð
tkh\amcw`n¨p. CXnð a«mt©cn Bip]{Xn kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ip«nIÄ¡pw thïn am{Xapff
H¶mbncp¶p .
3) C´ybnse BZy {InkvXobaX Øm]\w
C´ybnse BZys¯ {InkvXob aXØm]\amb
skâv {^m³knkv ]ffn t^mÀ«psIm¨nemWv. t]mÀ«p Kokv A[n\nthi¯nsâ _m¡n ]{Xw
IqSnbmWv Cu ]ffn . 1500 ð BWv CXv \nÀ½n¨sX¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. C´ybnð ImðIp¯nb
BZys¯ bqtdm]y³ \mhnIta[mhn hmkvtImUnKmasb 1524 ð Cu ]ffnbnð AS¡w sNbvXp
. 1538 ð `uXnIImhinjvS§Ä t]mÀ¨pKente¡v sImïpt]msb§nepw kvamcIine C¶pw
]ffn¡pffnð Dïv . Bcw`¯nð ]ffn acw sImïmbncps¶¦nepw ]Xn\mdv hÀj¯n\ptijw
IñpsImïv ]WnXv ]cnip² At´mWnbpsS t]cnð tZhmÀ¨\ sNbvXp . 1663 hsc {]m³knkvI³
k`bpsS Iognembncp¶p . ]ffn . sIm¨nsb IogS¡nb U¨pImÀ ]ffnsb s{]m«Ìâv
tZhmebam¡n amän . 1779 ð AhÀ ]ffn ]pXp¡n ]WnXp F¶v inem^eIw sXfnhv \ðIp¶p
. 1795 ð sIm¨n {_n«sâ Iognemsb¦nepw 9 hÀjw IqSn ]ffn U¨pImcpsSIognð
Xs¶bmbncp¶p 19mw\qÁmïnsâ BZyL«¯nð ]ffn hoïpw c£I ]pWyhmfsâ \mat[b¯nembn
XoÀ¶p . C¶Xv Z£ntW´y³ k`bpsS IognemWv .
4) XohïntbmSn XpS§p¶p
1902 Pq¬ 2 \mWv sIm¨nbnð Xohïn HmSn
XpS§nbXv . FdWmIpfw þ sjmÀWqÀ dbnð ]mXbnemWv BZyhïnbpsS bm{X . 1899
a{Zmkv sdbnðth I¼\n ]mXbpsS ]Wn XpS§nsb¦nepw {][m\ ]me§fpsS ]Wnbnepïmb
ImeXmakw ImcWw aq¶p hÀjsaSp¯p ]qÀ¯nbmhm³ . AtX hÀjw Pqsse 16 \mWv bm{X
kuIcyw Hcp§nbXv ]mXbpsS \ofw 65 ssað Bbncp¶p . FdWmIpfw þ sjmÀWqÀ aoäÀtKPv
1935 emWv t{_mUvtKPmbXv . ]n¶oSv sIm¨n³ lmÀ_À hsc ]mX \o«n . XpdapJ
A[nIyXÀ B[p\nI coXnbnð ]WnIgn¸n¨XmWv C¶s¯ sIm¨n³ lmÀ_À tÌj³ .
alm\Kc¯nsâ `ptcJIÄ
Hcpalm{]f¯nð \n¶mWv sIm¨n cq]saSp¡p¶Xv.
1341ð s]cnbmdnð Dïmb {]fbw. A¶v k¼ð kar²nbpsS {]XoIambn \nesImï sImSp§ñqcnse
apkcnkv XpdapJw F¡eSnªv D]tbmKyiq\yambn, sX¡v sIm¨n Hcp {]IyXnZ¯v XpdapJamhpIbpw
sNbvXp.CXv ]gb IY.C¶s¯ FdWmIpfw Pnñ cq]oIcn¨Xv 1958 G{]nenð BWv. 2408
In.ao kvIzbÀ BWv CXnsâ hnkvXoÀ®w. hS¡v XriqcpwIng¡v CSp¡nbpw sX¡v Be¸pgbpw
tIm«bhpamWv FdWmIpf¯nsâ AXnÀ¯n PnñIÄ.]Snªmdp`mK¯v \nhÀ¶v InS¡p¶ Ad_n¡Sð.
Beph, tImXawKew, Ip¶¯p\mSv, sIm¨n,
aqhmäp]pg, IWb¶qÀ, ]dhqÀ F¶o Xmeq¡Ä DÄs¸Sp¶XmWv FdWmIpfw Pnñ. ]Xn\mev
Akw»n aWvUe§fmWv Cu PnñbnepÅXv. Beph, A¦amen, FdWmIpfw, tImXawKew, Ip¶¯p\mSv,
a«mt©cn, aqhmäp]pg, ssh¸n³, IfatÈcn, ]dhqÀ, s]cp¼mhqÀ, ]ndhw, Xr¸qWn¯pd,
Xr¡m¡c F¶nhbmWh. 2001 se sk³kkv {]Imcw 2,589,038 t]cmWv Cu PnñbnepÅXv.
CS\mSv, ae\mSv, Xoc{]tZiw F¶n§s\ `qLS\m]cambn FdWmIpfs¯ thÀXncn¡mw.tIcf¯nse
cïmas¯ henb \Znbmb s]cnbmÀ, aqhmäp]pg, sXmSp]pg BdpIÄ FdWmIpfw PnñbneqsS
HgpIp¶p. th¼\mSv, sImSp§ñpÀ, hcm¸pg ImbepIfpw Pnñsb Pekar²am¡p¶p. ISepw
Imbepw \ZnIfpw tNÀ¶v kpJIcamb ImemhØ FdWmIpf¯n\v {]Zm\w sN¿p¶p.
hnñnwKvS¬, ssh¸n³, cma³Xpcp¯v, t_mÄKm«n,
hñmÀ]mSw, Ip¼fw, tNcm\ñqÀ F¶nh Imbemð Npäs¸« {]tZi§fmWv.{]IrXnbpsSk½m\amb
sIm¨nXpdapJw FdWmIpfw Pnñbv¡v sXmSpIpdnbmWv.
lnµp, {InkvXy³, apÉow aXhn`mK¯nðs¸«
P\§Ä sIm¨nbnepïv. BXntYbXzw sIm¨nbpsS apJap{ZbmWv. PqXòmÀ apXð F{Xtbm
P\kaql§Ä sIm¨nbnð A`bw tXSnh¶ncn¡p¶p. PqXòmÀ, ssP\òmÀ, KuUkmckzX{_mÒWÀ,
KpPdm¯nIÄ,admTnIÄ,knJpImÀ ]«nI \ofpmdp¶p. \Kc¯nð \n¶v 10 In ao AIsebpÅ
Im¡\mSv BWv PnñmtI{µw ØoXnsN¿p¶Xv. Ime¯n\\pkcn¨v amä§Ä DÄs¡mï\mSmWv
sIm¨n. C³t^m]mÀ¡v, kvamÀSvÊnän, Isïbv\À sSÀan\ð F¶nhbmð sIm¨nhfcpIbmWv.
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