About Cochin

sIm¨n

a«mt©cn ]mekv (U¨v]mekv)

PpXs¯cphv

kn\tKmKv

t_mÄKm«n ]mekv

shñnwKvS¬ sFeâv

Spdnkw

sIm¨n

tIcf¯nsâ hmWnPyXeØm\hpw, {][m\ ]«WhpamWv sIm¨n.Ad_n¡Sensâ dmWnsb¶dnbs¸Sp¶ sIm¨n temI¯nð {]IrXnZ¯ XpdapJ§fnð H¶mWv.Hcn¡ð Ad_nIÄ,ssN\¡mÀ,U¨pImÀ,t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ,{_n«ojpImÀ F¶nhcpambpÅ hym]mc hmWnPy_Ô§fmð kPohambncn¡p¶p. sIm¨n C¶v iXtImSnIfpsS hñmÀ]mSw ]²XnbneqsS C´ybnse {]apJ Isïbv\À sSÀan\ð XpdapJambn amdpIbmWv sIm¨n. sIm¨nbpsS at\mlmcnX IïmkzZn¡phm³ hntZicmPy§fnð \n¶pw, aäv C´y³ kwØm\§fnð \n¶pambn \nch[n BfpIÄ A\pZn\w F¯nt¨cp¶p.

a«mt©cn ]mekv (U¨v]mekv)

1557 kv t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ \nÀ½n¨ sIm«mcamWnXv.sIm¨n almcmPmhv hoc tIcfhÀ½tbmSpÅ BZckpNIambn At±l¯n\v CXv k½m\n¨p.U¨pImÀ 1663 ð ]pXp¡n]WnXp. A¶papXð CXv U¨v]mekv F¶dnbs¸«pXpS§n. cmambW alm`mcX IYIÄ BteJ\w sNbvXp {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶ Zriy§fpw ,lnµp]pcmWZriy§fpw hÀ®Nn{X§fpw NpacpIfnð tImdnbn«n«pïv U¨vImcpsS Imes¯ sIm¨nbpsS am¸pw,cmPIob ]ñ¡pIfpw,cmPIob IncoS[mcW¯n\p]tbmKn¡p¶ hkv{X§fpw, A¡mebfhnse ^ÀWn¨dpIfpw ChnsS kq£n¨ncn¡p¶p. sIm«mc¯nsâ Iam\§fpw ,hnimeamb lmfpIfpw ]mÝmXyssienbnemWv \nÀ½n¨n«pÅXv. CuSpä acwsImïpÅ a¨pIfpw,AXnð sIm¯nbncn¡p¶ hnhn[§fmb ]pjv]§fpsS LS\bpw BIÀjIamWv. Cu Ccp\neku[¯nsâ hnhn[apdnIfnembn 1000 NXpc{i ASn hnkvXmc¯nð NpaÀ Nn{X§Ä BteJ\w sNbvXncn¡p¶p. tIcf¯nse aäv NphÀ Nn{X§fnð sh¨v HmPkpäXpw, ¢mkn¡epw,Ime¸g¡apÅXpamWv sIm«mc¯nse Nn{X§Ä. cmP`cWImes¯ Bbp[§fpw ChnsS kq£n¨n«pïv. tIcf]pcmhkvXp hIp¸nsâ taðt\m«¯nemWv Ct¸mÄ Cu sIm«mcw

PpXs¯cphv

tIcf¯nse H¶ckl{km_vZ¯ne[nIw ]g¡apÅ PpXNcn{Xw ChnsS Dd§n¡nS¡p¶p. s]mfnªp hogmdmb aµnc§Ä Hcp ImeL«¯nsâ kvamcI§fmWv. IpSntbähpw,IpSnbnd¡hpw Iï a®nsâ \ni_vZ km£nIfmWv. blqZòmcpsS tIcfhpambpÅ _Ôw F¶pXpS§n F¶Xn\v hyàamb Ncn{XsXfnhpIfnsñ¦nepw \oXnam\mb tkmfa³ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS I¸enemWv BZyambn Hcp kwLw ChnsSsb¯nbsX¶v A\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶p. cïmwtemIbp²\´cw 1948 ð PpXòmÀ¡mbn C{kmtbð cp]w sImïtXmsS blqZÀ X§fpsS amXypcmPyw tXSnbm{X XpS§n. Ccp]Xn\mbnct¯mfw PpXòmÀ A[nhkn¨ncp¶ ChnsS Ct¸mÄ Ahtijn¡p¶Xv hncense®mhp¶hÀam{Xw.

kn\tKmKv

1568 ð \nÀ½n¡s¸« kn\tKmKv C¶v temI¯v \nehnepÅ kn\tKmKpIfnð Fähpw ]g¡wsN¶XmWv.1662 ð t]mÀ¨pKokv sjñm{IaW¯nð KpcpXcamb tISp]mSpIÄ kp`hn¨ncp¶p. cïphÀj¯n\ptijw U¨pImÀ CXv ]pXp¡n]WnXp.18þmw \pämX¶v A\pam\n¡p¶p.nse lm³Uv s]bnânwKmWv D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. at\mlc§fmb XdtbmSpIÄ ]mInbncn¡p¶p.lo{_piIe§Ä amÀ_nfnð sIm¯nbXpw, ]gb\nba NpcpfpIfpw,sN¼v t¹äpIfnse ]pcmWcN\Ifpw kn\tKmKnsâ am{Xw {]t{XIXIfmWv. Ct¸mÄ PqXs¯cphnsâ hSt¡bä¯pÅkn\tKmKnsâ apIfnse hy¯LSnImc¯nð kabkpNnIÄ \nÝeamWv. F¦nepw k¼¶amb HmÀ½IfpsS Xncptijn¸mbn \nð¡p¶ Cu PpX¸Ånbnð Ct¸mgpw kµÀiIcpsS Xnc¡mWv.

t_mÄKm«n ]mekv

apfhpImSv Zzo]nemWv t_mÀKm«n ]mekv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.t]cpt]mse Xs¶ BIÀjIamWv t_mÀKm«n.sNdpXpcp¯pt]mepÅ t_mÀKm«nZzo]nse at\mlcamb ]mekv 1744 ð U¨pImÀ \nÀ½n¨XmWv. sIm¨nbpsS Xnc¡pIfnð \ns¶mgnªv G¡dpIfnembn hym]n¨p InS¡p¶ Cu at\mlc Zzo]v kmbm sNehgn¡m³ Gähpw anI¨XmWv. t_mÄKm«n Zzo]nte¡v sP«nbnð \n¶pw t_m«v kÀhokv e`yamWv. tIcf Spdnkw sUhe]vsaâv tImÀ¸tdjsâ Hcp tlm«epw, tKmÄ^v tImgvkpw,{]tXIamb lWnap¬ tImt«PpIfpw ChnsSbpïv.

shñnwKvS¬ sFeâv

tdm_À«v {_ntÌmbmWv sIm¨n XpdapJ¯nsâ inev]n. At±l¯nsâ ZoÀLho£Whpw,`mh\bpw \nch[n hÀj§fnse a\pjzm[zm\¯neqsS ]cnWan¨t¸Ä cp]w sImïXmWv shñnwKvS¬ sFeâv. ap³ssht{kmbnbmcp¶ shñnwKvSsâ kvacW\ne\nÀ¯p¶ t]cmWv CXn. Ct¸mÄ sIm¨nbpsS X{X{][m\`mKamWnXv. ktX¬ \mhnI Iam³Unsâbpw t]mÀ{SÌnsâbpw BØm\w IqSnbmWnhnSw. sIm¨nbnse {][m\ tlm«epIfpw hmWnPytI{µ§fpw ChnsS ØnXnsN¿p¶p. Imbepw,Icbpw H¯p tNcp¶ Xoc§fnepsSbpÅ bm{X kt´mjIchpw \b\m\µIchpw Bscbpw BIÀjn¡p¶XpamWv.

t^mÀ«psIm¨n

No\heIÄ \ndªp\nð¡p¶ t^mÀ«psIm¨n Ncn{X{]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶ \nch[n aplqÀ¯§fpsS kwKa`qanbmWv. C´ybnse BZys¯ bptdm]y³ Su¬jn¸v Øm]n¨Xv ChnsSbmWv. Ct¸mÄ tIcf¯nse {][m\ aÕy_Ô\XpdapJamWv. ChnsS \n¶pw ISð hgn ]pcmX\Ime¯v \S¶ hym]mc§sf¸än a[zImeL«¯nse Cämenb³ k©mcn \nt¡mfmkv tImân tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pïv.. ssN\bmbncp¶p apJy hym]mc]¦mfn. Ct¸mgs¯ t^mÀ«psIm¨n cp]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¡p¶Xnð t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpw, U¨pImcpw ]n¶oSv {_n«ojpImcpw X§fpsSXmb kw`mh\IÄ \ðInbn«pïv. Cu kwkv¡mc§fpsS ka\zbhpw, Ct´mþbqtdm]y³ IeIfpsS IqSnt¨censâ _m¡n ]{Xhpw ]eXpdIfnepw ChnsS C¶pw ZriyamWv.

]ntbgvkv sekven _w¥mhv

Cu hiykpµcamb aµncw 1862 ð \nÀ½n¨XmWv. tIm^nI¨hS¡mcmb ]ntbgvkv sekven I¼n\nbpsS Hm^okmbn Cu aµncw D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p.t^mÀ«psIm¨nbnse sImtfmWnbð kwkv¡mc¯nsâ HcSbmfamWnXv.t]mÀ¨pKokv, U¨v Xt±iob C´y³ kwkv¡mc§fpsS kzm[o\w hnfnt¨mXp¶p. hpUv]m\epIÄ ]mInb tað¡pcIfpw,BÀ¨v cp]¯nepÅ CShgnIfpw, sIm¯p]WnItfmSpIqSnb hmXnepIfpw, kv{]mfn§v dqapIfpw ,shÅwNnXdns¯dn¡p¶ hcm´IfpamWv CXnsâ {][m\khntijXIÄ.

HmÄUv lmÀ_À lukv

asämcp {]uV Kw`oc aµncamb HmÄUvlmÀ_Àlukv 1808 ð \nÀ½n¨XmWv.{]ikvX tXbne I¼\nbmb Imcnäv tamÀK³ tImÀ¸tdjsâ ssIhiambncp¶pÅXv. Ct¸mfnXv AhcpsS hkXnbmbn D]tbmKn¡p¶p. ]ïnXv Hcp t_m«v ¢ºmbncp¶p.

sUðam lukv

1808 ð Øm]n¡s¸«v Cu sldntäUv _w¥mhv Hcn¡ð shbÀ lukv Bbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. Ct¸mgnhnsS Hcp sslkv¡pÄ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.

tImÀUÀ lukv

sIm¨n³ CeIv{SnIv I¼\nbnse kmaphð Fkv tImUÀ 1808 ð \nÀ½n¨ {it²bamb Cu aµncw sImtfmWnbð kwkv¡mc¯nð \n¶pw, Ct´mþbptdm]y³ ka\zb¯nepÅ hmkvXp inev]amXrIbntebv¡pÅ hcm´koäpIÄ, sNkv t_mÀUnsâ BIyXnbnð \ne¯v ]mInb ssSðkpIÄ, ap³hi¯pÅ Nph¶ \ndapÅ CjvSnIIÄ, CuSpäacw sImïpÅ ^ÀWn¨dpIÄ, sXcphpambn _w¥mhns\ _Ôn¸n¡p¶ {]tXzILS\bnepÅ ac¸mew F¶nh CuaWnaµnc¯nsâ AXpeyamb khntijXIfmWv.

km´m{Iqkv _ken¡

t]mÀ«pKokpImcmWv Ncn{X{]kn²amb Cu ]Ån \nÀ½n¨Xv.1558 ð t]m¸v t]mÄ \mema³ Cu ]Ånsb Hcp _ken¡bm¡n DbÀ¯n. {_n«ojpImÀ sIm¨nbnð B[n]Xyw ]peÀ¯nbt¸mÄ Cu _ken¡ AhcpsS ssIhiamhpIbpw 1795 ð AhcnXns\ s]mfn¨pamäpIbpw sNbvXp.1887 ð _nj¸v tUmw tKmakv s^dod Hcp ]pXnb sI«nSw Cu Øm\¯v ]Wn Ign¸n¨p. tPm¬t]mÄ cïma³ amÀ]m¸ 1984 ð Cu ]Ånsb Hcp _ken¡bmbn {]Jym]n¨p.

temt^Àkv tImÀWÀ({]n³kv kv{Soäv)

t^mÀ«psIm¨nbnð \nÀ½n¡s¸« BZys¯ sXcphpIfnsem¶mWnXv. {]n³kv kv{Soäv F¶pw CXv Adnbs¸Sp¶p.bqtdm]y³ ssienbnepÅ dknU³kpIÄ sImïv Ct¸mgpw AXnsâ ]gabpw X\nabpw \ne\nÀ¯p¶p.Cu sXcphnsâ Gähpw \ñ ImgvN temt^Àkv tImÀWdnð \n¶pamWv In«pI. ]gbIme¯v kmbm sNehgn¡m³ ]Xnhmbn BfpIÄ H¯pIqSn \À½`mjW§Ä \S¯nbncp¶Xnð \n¶pamWv temt^Àkv tImÀWÀ F¶ t]cp hoWpIn«nbXv.

hmkvtIm lukv

hmkvtImUKmabpsS hkXnbmbncp¶p F¶v IcpXp¶ Cu aµncw sIm¨nbnse t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS \nÀ½nXnIfnð Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶XmWv .16þmw iXI¯nsâ XpS¡¯nð \nÀ½n¨XmWv. ]c¼cmKX bptdm]y³ ¥mkv sImïpÅ P\epIfpw, _mð¡WntbmSp tNÀ¶pÅ hcm´Ifpw CXnsâ khntijIfmWv.

15 ]tcUv {Kuïv

\mev G¡dpÅ ]tcUv {Kuïv t]mÀ¨pKokv,U¨v,{_n«ojpImÀ anenädn ]tcUv \S¯nb Øeambncp¶p.anenädn ]cnioe\¯n\pw Cu {Kuïv D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p.NpäpapÅ sI«nS§Ä AhcpsS {]Xntcm[ Øm]\§fmbncp¶p.C¶v t^mÀ«psIm¨nbnse hnimeamb kvt]mÀUvkv {KuïpIfnsem¶mWnXv.

16 ssN\okv ^njnw§v s\äv / hmkvtImUKma kvIzbÀ

ae_mÀ Xoct¯¡ph¶ BZykµÀiIÀ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ henb ao³]nSp¯ s\äpIfnsem¶mWnXv. G Un 1350\pwþ1450\pw CSbnð ChnsSsb¯nb,Ips»Jâ cmPmhnsâ hym]mcnIÄ Cu s\äv D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p.tX¡v ac¯nepw,apf ´pïpIfnepambmWv CXv \nÀ½n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. _o¨n\cnInepÅ hmkvtImUKma kvIzbdnð \n¶p \nco£n¨mð Cu s\äv Xmgv¶pt]mIp¶Xpw ao³]nSn¡p¶Xpw ImWmw. cpNnIcamb ISðhn`h§fpw, Cf\ocpw e`n¡p¶ Cu Øew k©mcnIfpsS I®pw, a\hpw Ihcp¶XmWv.

17 bpssWäUv ¢_v

Hcn¡ð sIm¨nbnse {_n«ojpImcpsS \mev Fsseäv ¢_pIfnsem¶mbncp¶p CXv. 1907 apXð Ipd¨pImew t^mÀ«psIm¨n ap\nkn¸menänbpsS Hm^okv Bbpw D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶p. Ct¸mÄ Cu aµncw ]Ið skâv {^m³knkv ss{]adnkv¡pfnsâ ¢mkvapdnbmbpw,kmbmÓ§fnð sa¼ÀamcpsS ¢_mbpw D]tbmKn¡p¶p.

18 t^mÀ«v am\phð

t]mÀ¨pKense N{IhÀ¯nbmb C½m\pthensâ t]cnepÅ Cu tIm« sIm¨n amlmcmPmhpw, t]mÀ¨pIð N{IhÀ¯nbpw X½nepÅ \bX{X_Ôs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n \nÀ½n¨XmWv. 1503 ð \nÀ½n¡s¸« CXv 1538 ð \hoIcn¨p. 1800 IÄ BIpt¼mtgbv¡pw U¨pImcpw, ]n¶oSv {_n«ojpImcpw Cu tIm«bpsS Fñm NpacpIfpw XIÀ¯p. C¶v _o¨neqsS \S¶pt]mIpt¼mÄ Cu Ncn{X kvamcI¯nsâ AhinjvS `mK§Ä ImWmw.

Xm¡qÀ lukv

{]uV Kw`ocamb Cu aµncw sImtfmWnbð ImeL«¯nsâ {]Xn^e\amWv. sKðUÀemâv tIm«tbmSp tNÀ¶mWv CXv \nÀ½n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. ap¼v Ip\ð _w¥msh¶pw,lnð_w¥msh¶pw Adnbs¸«ncp¶p.{_n«ojv `cWIme¯v \mjWð _m¦v Hm^v C´ybnse amt\PÀamcpsS hkXnbmbncp¶p. {]apJ tXbne hyhkmbnbmb cmw _lmZpÀ Xm¡qÀ I¼\nbpsS ssIIfnemWv C¶v Cu _w¥mhv.

tUhnUv lmÄ

1695 ð U¨v CuÌv C´ymI¼\n\nÀ½n¨p. ]n¶oSv Hcp PqX]ym]mcnbmb tUhnUv tImUÀ F¶bmÄ ssIhis¸Sp¯n. Ct¸mgnt±l¯nsâ t]cnemWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ae_mÀ Xocs¯ kky§sf¸än tlmÀ¯kv ae_mdn¡kv F¶ Aaqey{KÔw cNn¨ U¨v IamïÀ hmâUpambn _Ôs¸«mWv Cu_w¥mhv {]ikvXambXv.

hn H kn sKbväv

]tcUv {Kuïn\p ap³hiapÅ Cu henb XSnsKbväv Hcn¡ð ChnsS BZn]Xyw ]peÀ¯nb U¨v C´ymI¼\nbpsS tamtWm{Kmw ap{ZIp¯nsh¨XmWv .1740 emWv \nÀ½n¨Xv.

sIm¨n³¢_v

anI¨ coXnbnð Hcp¡nbn«pÅ sse{_dn,kvt]mÀSvkv t{Sm^nIfpsS AXpey tiJcw F¶nhbpÅ sIm¨n³ ¢_v hfsc at\mlcamb ]mÀ¡nemWv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.1900 ImeL«¯nð Cu ¢_v cp]w sImÅpt¼mÄ ChntS¡pÅ {]thi\w {_n«ojpImcmb ]pcpj³amÀ¡v am{Xambn ]cnanXs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. C¶pw NneImcy§fnð ]c¼cmKX Cw¥ojv kwkv¡mct¯mSv Nmbv]v ]peÀ¯p¶psï¦nepw kv{XoIÄ¡pw sa¼Àjn¸v \ðIp¶pïv. AXn hnNn{Xsa¶p]dbs« aZy]m\w IÀi\ambn \ntcm[n¨n«pïnhnsS.

_nj¸v lukv

t]mÀ¨pKokp KhÀWdpsS hkXnbmbn 1506 ð \nÀ½nXnbmWv _nj¸v lukv. ]n¶oSv sIm¨n³ cp]XbpsS 27mw _nj¸v tSmw tPmkv tKmakv s^tcc ChnsS Xmakn¨ncp¶p. C´ybv¡p]pdsa _À½,aeb,kntem¬ F¶nhnS§fnsems¡ {]ikvX tkh\w A\pjvTn¨ At±lt¯mSpÅ BZchv \ne\nÀ¯nbmWv _nj¸vlukv F¶v Cu _w¥mhns\ hnfn¨p t]mcp¶Xv. ]tcUv {Kuïn\Sp¯pÅ sNdnb Ip¶nð sNcphnemWv CXn ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. ap³hi¯v henb tKm¯n¡v BÀ¨pw,{][m\ {]thi\IhmSw hsc \ofp¶ hy¯mIyXnbnepÅ Ia\obamb ]pt´m«hpapïv.

_mÌy³ _w¥mhv

Ct´mþbptdm]y³ amXyIbnð \nÀ½n¨ _w¥mhmWnXv. hy¯mIyXnbnð tIm« sIm¯f¯nsâ amXyIbnð \nÀ½n¨ Cu sI«nS¯nsâ ssSepIÄ ]Xn¨ tað¡qcbpw H¶mw \nebpsS ap³`mK¯v XSnsImïp\nÀ½n¨ hcm´bpw Dïv.Bcpw ImWm¯ coXnbnð \nÀ½n¨ clkyXpc¦§fpsS Hcp irwJe CXn\Snbnepsï¶mWv ]dªpt]mcp¶Xv. C¶v Cu _w¥mhv k_v IfIvSdpsS HutZmKnI hkXnbmWv.

U¨pskant¯cn

km{amPytamlhpambn,tImf\nIÄ Øm]n¡pI F¶ e£ytasäSp¯v kz´w \mSpt]£n¡pIbpw sIm¨nbpsS Ncn{Xs¯ amän¯oÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. \qdpIW¡n\v bqtdm]y³amcpsS ihIpSoc§Ä ChnsSbpïv. 1724þð \nÀ½n¨ Cu skant¯cn C¶v NÀ¨v Hm^v ku¯v C´y (kn Fkv sF)bpsS IognemWv.

skâv {^m³kokv NÀ¨v

C´ybnse Gähpw ]g¡apÅ bqtdm]y³ ]ÅnbmWnXv. 1503þð t]mÀ¨pKokpImcmb {^m³knkvI³ k\ymknamcmWv CXv \nÀ½n¨Xv. acw sImïp\nÀ½n¨ncp¶ Cu ]Ån ]n¶oSmWv IñpIfp]tbmKn¨v ]pXp¡n¸WnXXv. 1779þð U¨p s{]m«ÌâpIÄ CXns\ \hoIcn¨p. {_n«ojpImÀ 1795þð Bw¥n¡³ NÀ¨m¡n amänb Cu ]Ån Ct¸mÄ NÀ¨v Hm^v ku¯v C´ybpsS IognemWv . 1524þð hmkvtImUKma A´cn¨t¸mÄ ChnsSbmWv At±ls¯ AS¡w sNbvXXv.`uXnImhinjvSw ]n¶oSv t]mÀ¨pKense enkv_Wnte¡v sImïpt]msb¦nepw ihIpSocw Ct¸mgpw ChnsSbpïv.

assd³ ss{Uhv

\Kc¯nse Xnc¡pIÄ¡nSbnse BizmkXocamWv assd³ss{Uhv. Imbð¡mtääv,Imbtemf§fpsS kuµcyhpw, kpcymkvXabhpw I¬IpfnÀs¡ Iïv ayqkn¡ð hmt¡zbnepsSbpÅ kmbmÓkhmcn BkzmZIcw Xs¶bmWv. k©mcnIÄ¡mbn ImbeneqsS t_m«v kÀÆokpIfpw Dïv. D¸psXm«v IÀ¸qcw hscbpÅ km[\§fpambn Im¯ncn¡p¶ Pn.kn. Un.F tjm¸n§v tImw¹Ivknð \n¶pw F´pw tjm¸n§v \S¯mw. Imbð IptdØew IctbmSv tNÀ¯v cp]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¯XmWv. assd³ss{Uhv.

]pXpssh¸v sseäv lukv

Gjybnse Gähpw Dbcw IpSnb Cu sseäv lukv ssh¸n³ Icbnse ]pXpssh¸n\nemWv.150 ASnbmWv Dbcw. 1979 ð Øm]nXambn. sIm¨nhgn t]mIp¶ Iqä³I¸epIÄ¡pw,aÕy_Ô\ t_m«pIÄ¡pw,sNdptXmWnIÄ¡pw sseäv lukv klmbIamWv. sseäv luknt\mS\p_Ôn¨pÅ CeIvt{SmWn¡v kwhn[m\w hgn I¸epIfpsS KXnbpw, Znibpw \nÀ®bn¡m\mIpw. ]Ið kabw sseäv lukv kµÀin¡m³ s]mXpP\§Ä¡v A\phmZapïv.

CS¸Ån Ncn{Xayqknbw

tIcfNcn{Xs¯ i_vZhpw, cq]hpw \ðIn AhXcn¸n¡p¶ CS¸Ån Ncn{Xayqknbw Hcp BIÀjWtI{µamWv. 90 Hmfw {]XnaIfpsS \ntbmen¯n¡v apXð \ho\bpKw hscbpÅ \nÝeZyiyw hgn tIcfNcn{Xw A\mhcWw sN¿s¸Sp¶p. sseäv B³Uv kuïv tjmbpw \S¯mdpïv. \mjWð sslthtbmSv tNÀ¶v ]¨¸p\ndª IpfnÀabnemWv ayqknbw Hm^v tIcf lnÌdn ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv. ayqknbt¯mSv tNÀ¶v BÀ«v Kymednbpw ØnXn sN¿p¶p. 1987 emWv DZvLmS\w sN¿s¸«Xv. BÀ«vKvbmednbnð temI{]ikvX IemImcòmcpsS Nn{X§fpsS 200 Hmfw HdnPn\ð hÀ¡pÅ skâÀt^mÀ hnjzð BÀSvkpw C´ybnse hnhn[ `mK§fnð \n¶pÅ ]mhIÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶ tUmÄ ayqknbhpw ØnXnsN¿p¶p. C´y³ NphÀ Nn{X§fpsS k¼¶]mc¼cyw {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶ amÀjð BÀ«vkv Kmednk¼¶amb Iem]mc¼cy¯nsâ {]uVn hnfnt¨mXp¶p.

N§¼pg]mÀ¡v

aebmf¯nsâ {]nbIhn N§¼pgbpsS kvamcIamWv CS¸Ånbnse N§¼pg]mÀ¡v.1998 ð \nehnð h¶p. almIhn A´yhn{iaw sImÅp¶ Øew amÀ_nÄ ]Xn¨v BIÀjIam¡nbncn¡p¶p. t_mw_À hnam\¯nsâ tað¡pctbmSpIqSnb HmUntämdnbhpapïv. almIhnbpsS HmÀ½IÄ tabp¶ A´co£w k©mcnIfnð \\hmbn ]Scp¶p.

{]nbZÀin\n ]mÀ¡v

FdWmIpfw j¬apJw tdmUnð t_m«vsP«n¡pkao]amWv Ip«nIÄ¡p am{XambpÅ {]nbZÀin\n ]mÀ¡v. 1971 ð \nehnð h¶p. Ip«nIÄ¡pÅ sse{_dn,tSmbvkv aypknbw F¶nhbpapïv. Ip«nIÄ¡pÅ sNdnb aÕc§fpw, tdmfÀ kvtIän§v t]mepÅ ImbnI ]cnioe\hpw ChnsS \S¡mdpïv.

hñmÀ]mSw ]Ån (hñmÀ]mSw _ken¡)

tZiob XoÀ°mS\tI{µam¡n 2005 ð DbÀ¯s¸« hñmÀ]mSw ]Ån Ct¸mÄ hñmÀ]mSw _ken¡bmWv. Znhym\p{Kl iànsNmcnbp¶ hñmÀ]mS¯½bpsS ZÀi\w tXSn \nch[n hniymknIÄ h¶Wbmdpïv. tKm{Xo]me§Ä IS¶mð hñmÀ]mSw ]Ånbmbn.

awKfh\w

sIm¨n\Kc¯nsâ Xnc¡pIÄ¡nSbnse A`btI{µamb ]¨¸nsâ sNdpXpcp¯mWnhnSw.Iïð¡mSpIfpw henbac§fpw CSXqÀ¶v \nð¡p¶ Hcp sNdpssPh Bhmk hyhØ sslt¡mÀ«n\Sp¯mWv. awKfh\w. tZimS\]£nIÄ Iq«t¯msS h¶WbmdpïnhnsS. Np«ps]mÅp¶ \«p¨bnepw XWp¸nsâ Ipfncpambv \nð¡p¶ awKfh\w \Kc¯nc¡nse {KmaoWXbpsS at\mlmcnXbmWv.

lnð]mekv aypknbw

,Xyp¸pWn¯d sIm¨nbnð \n¶pw 10 In .ao Zqcw .1865ð \nÀ½n¨XmWv.sIm¨n cmPIpSpw_¯nsâ HtZymKnI hkXnbmbncp¶p. tIcf¯nsâ ]c¼cmKX inev]IemNmcpXbnð XoÀ¯ 49 aµnc§fpw Hcp Ia\obamb ]mÀ¡pw tNÀ¶ 52 G¡À `qanbmWnX.]pcmhkvXpaypknbhpw , \mS³ IemhncpXpIfpsS tiJchpw Gsd BIÀjIamWv. DÅnse 13 KmednIÄ Hmbnð s]bnân§pIfpw ,Iñnepw ¹mÌÀ Hm^v ]mcoknepw XoÀ¯ Zmcpinev]§fpw ,ssIsbgp¯p{]XnIfpw,cmPIob \mWb§fpw , Iñnð Nn{X¸WnIfpw \ndªXmWv.

hoKmemâv

C´ybnse Xs¶{]YaØm\¯pÅ Aaypkvsaâv ]mÀ¡v tIcf¯nð C¯c¯nð BZyt¯XmWv. Nnäne]Ån F¶ kzImcy{Kq¸nsâ kwc`amWnXv. Xpc¦§fpw ,KÀ¯§fpw,ssdUpIfpsams¡bmbn Ip«nIsfbpw, bphm¡sfbpw, apXnÀ¶hscbpw Hcpt]mse BIÀjn¡p¶XmWv. Cu hm«À Xo]mÀ¡v. FdWmIpf¯nsâ PnñmIeIvStdäv ØnXnsN¿p¶ Im¡\mSv \n¶v 5 In ao AIsebmWv hoKmemâv.

tIcfNcn{Xayqknbw

FdWmIpfw Beph tdmUnð \Kc¯nð \n¶v F«p In.ao AIsebmWv tIcfNcn{Xaypknbw ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. \ho\ inembpKwapXð B[p\nI bpKwhscbpÅ tIcfNcn{Xw bYmÀ°amb coXnbnð ChnsS kµÀiIÀ¡mbn {IaoIcn¨n«pïv. Cw¥ojnepw aebmf¯nepw hnhc§fpsS sseäv Bâv kuïv tjmbpw ChnsSbpïmImdpïv.kaImenIcmb Ccp¶ptdmfw IemImc³amcpsS s]bnânwKpIÄ,inev]§Ä F¶nhbS§nb Kmecn CXnsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. CtXmS\p_Ôn¨pÅ skâÀ t^mÀ hnjyð BÀSvknð temI{]ikvXcmb Nn{XImcòmcpsS ky,#vSnIfpsS bYmÀ°]IÀ¸pIfpw C´y³ Nn{XIemcwKs¯ {][m\ NphÀ Nn{X§fpsSbpw ]IÀ¸pIÄ kq£n¡p¶pïv.kµÀi\kabw 10 apXð 5 hscbmWv.Xn¦Ä HgnhpZn\amWv.

Xr¡m¡chma\t£{Xw

HmW¯nsâ sFXnlyhpambn _ÔapÅt£{XamWnX. hma\\mWv ChnsS {]XnjvT.alm_ensb ]mXmf¯nte¡b¨Xv ChnsS \n¶msW¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.]¯pw]Xnaq¶pw \qämïpIfnse inemJnX§fnð Cu t£{Xs¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀiapïv. FdWmIpfw CS¸Ånbnð \n¶v 205 In. ao AIsebmWv t£{Xw.

tNµawKew

hS¡³]dhqÀ Beph tdmUnð tNµawKew PwKv£\nð \n¶v 2 In.ao AIsebmWnXv. aq¶p\ZnIfpw GgphgnIfpw kwKan¡p¶ A]qÀÆ `q{]tZiamWnXv. IqSmsX ]pðtaSpIfpw sNdpIp¶pIfpw \ndªXmWv Cu {]tZiw.sIm¨ncmPmhnsâ {][m\a{´namcmbncp¶ ]menb¯v A¨³òmcpsS sIm«mcw (]menbwsIm«mcw) ChnsSbmWv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. tIcf¯nsâ hmkvXp khntijXIÄ hnfn¨dnbn¡p¶ \nÀ½nXnbmWnXv. \nch[n Ncn{XtcJIfpw enJnX§fpw ChnsS kp£n¨n«pïv. tIm«bnð tImhneIw ØnXnsN¿p¶ Cu Ip¶nð apIfnð Hcp t£{Xw,{InkvXy³NÀ¨v, apÉow]Ån F¶nh Hcpan¨pImWmw.IqSmsX PpX]ÅnbpsS AhinjvS§fpw ]Xn\memw \qämïnð t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ \nÀ½n¨ ssh¸n³tIm«skan\mcnbpw ChnsSbpïv.

ImeSn

F«mw \qämïnð Pohn¨v AssZzXZÀi\¯neqsS {]kn²ambn¯oÀ¶ PKZvKpcp i¦cmNmcycpsS PòØeamWv ImeSn. ChnsS {ioi¦c\pw,imcZmtZhn¡pw {ioIyjvW\pw {iocmaIyjvW\pw Bcm[\bv¡pÅ t£{X§fpïv.{ioi¦c³ k\ymkw kzoIcn¡m³ ImcWamb apXeIfpw ChnsSbpïv .Cu Ipf¯nð h¨v Hcp apXe {io i¦cs\ ]nSnIqSpIbpw {io i¦csâ A½ Bcymw_ AhnsSsb¯n Xs¶ k\ymk¯n\v ]dªg¡psa¶pd¸p\ðInbt¸mgmWv apXe i¦cs\ hn«sX¶pw sFXnlyapïv. XpSÀ¶v i¦c³ kÀÆkwK]cnXymKnbmbn k\ymkw kzoIcn¡pIbmbncp¶p.FdWmIpfw 45 In.ao AIsebmWv ImeSn

tImS\mSv

s]cnbmdnsâ sXt¡Xocs¯ aes©cnhp{]tZiamWv tImS\mWv.FdWmIpfw Pnñbnse he¯p\n¶v 7.5 In ao AIsebmWv tImS\mWv.tIcf¯nse B\ ]cnioe\tI{µ§fnsem¶v ChnsSbmWv.hnt\mZk©mcnIfmsb¯p¶hÀ¡v B\k]mcn\S¯m\pÅ Ahkchpw ChnsSbpïv. h\yarK§fpÅ Hcp arKimebpw ChnsSbpïv.

aebmäqÀ

aebmäqÀ aebnð 609 aoäÀ Dbc¯nð ØnXnsN¿p¶ skâv tXmakv]Ån A´ÀtZiob XoÀ°mS\tI{µamWv. F.Un aq¶mw \qämïnð C´ybnse¯nb {InkvXpinjyòmcnsemcmfmb skâv tXmakv aebmäqcnð {]mÀ°n¨psh¶mWv hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. amÀ¨v /G{]nð amk¯nð \S¡p¶ Cu ]Ånbnse Xncp\mfnt\mS\p_Ôn¨v Bbnc¡W¡n\v XoÀ°mSIÀ ChnsSsb¯mdpïv. FdWmIpf¯v\n¶v ImeSn hgn \oeoizc¯p\n¶v F«p In ao AIsebmWv aebmäqÀ

`pX¯m³sI«v FdWmIpfw PnñbpsS hS¡pIng¡mbn 50 In ao AIse h\{]tZi¯n\p a[y¯nembn ØnXnsN¿p¶ \b\at\mlcamb Pemibw ChnsSbpïv.Xt«¡mSv ]£nkt¦X¯n\Sp¯mWv CXnlmk{]m[m\yapÅ Cu hnt\mZk©mctI{µw ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. Pnñbnse s]cnbmÀ]men,CSaebmÀ F¶o PetkN\ ]²XnIÄ ChnsSbpïv. kmlknIcmb bm{X¡mÀ¡v h\yX BkzZn¨psImïv `pX¯m³sI«nepsS s{S¡nwKv \S¯m\pÅ kuIcyapïv.

Xt«¡mSv ]£nkt¦Xw

sIm¨nþap¶mÀ dq«nð tImXawKe¯p\n¶v 20 In ao AIsebmWv \nXylcnXh\§Ä¡p\SphnemWv Xt«¡mSv ]£n kt¦Xw ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.{]ikvX ]£n \nco£I\mbncp¶ kmenw AenbpsS t]cnemWv CXdnbs¸Sp¶Xv A]qÀÆhpw sshhn[y amÀ¶Xpamb \nch[n ]£nbn\§sf ChnsS ImWm\mhpw. 42 aäp bm{XIÄ AXnc¸Ån shŨm«w(80 In ao )KpcphmbpÀ {ioIyjvWt£{Xw (108 In ao)s]cnbmÀ h\yPohnkt¦Xw(192 In ao) aq¶mÀ tXbnet¯m«§fpw lnðtÌj\pw(130 In. ao)IpacIw(92 In.ao) F¶nhbpw sIm¨nbnse¯p¶ k©mcnIsf BIÀjn¡mdpïv.

e£Zzo]pkaqlw

sIm¨nbnð \n¶v 300 In.ao AIse Ad_n¡Senð ØnXnsN¿p¶ 36 Zzo]pIfpsS k©bamWv e£Zzo]pIÄ. tI{µ`cW{]tZiambChnsS At{´m´v,Aan\n,AK¯n,_n{X,tNSvemXv,IUmaXv,Iðt]\n,Ihc¯n,an\nt¡mbv F¶o Zzo]pIfnð am{XamWv P\hmkapÅXv.aÕy_Ô\amWv ChnSs¯ P\§fpsS {][m\sXmgnð.aebmfhpw amlnepamWv ChcpsS `mj. C´ym¡mÀ¡v e£Zzo]v kµÀin¡m\mbn {]tXyISqÀ]mt¡PpIfpïv.hntZik©mcnIÄ¡v _mwKmcw Zzo]nte¡pam{Xta bm{XsN¿m\mhq. hniZhnhc§Ä shñnwKvS¬ sFeânepÅ e£Zzo]v AUvan\nkvt{Säohv Hm^oknð e`n¡pw t^m¬ 0484 668387, 668647.

sNdmbn_o¨v

ssh¸n³ Zzo]n\Sp¯pÅ sNdmbn _o¨v ISenð Ipfn¡ms\¯p¶hÀ¡v {]nbs¸«XmWv.A]qÀhmhkc§fnð AhnsS tUmÄ^n\pIsf ImWmdpïv.sX§pw s\ð]mS§fpapÅ Cu {Kmaw tIcf¯nsâ {]IyXn `wKn {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶XmWv.

Sqdnkw XmakkuIcyw

{Ia \¼À	tlm«ð	hmSI\nc¡v	t^m¬	Csabnð
1	XmPvae_mÀ	5000þ10000	2668010
2	Imknt\m tlm«ð	2750þ4000	2668421
3	Zn {XnsUâv	2600þ6000	2668421
4	ImayIw slh³	2050þ2950	2432701
5	F.än .Fkv hnñnwKvS¬	750þ1250	2669223
6	amcpXn SypdnÌv tlmw FdWmIpfw	175þ600	2666365
7	se sadnUnb³	4000þ15000	2705777
8	]oÄkv t]m«v dntkmÀ«v	2700þ5400	2371430
9	XmPvsdknU³kn	2700þ4500	2371470
10	tKmIpew ]mÀ¡v C³	2250þ3295	2400707
11	Zn kqcy	2200þ3500	2455570
12	Zn dnss\sk³ v	2000þ3000	2344463
13	t_mÄKm«n ]mekv	1900þ5600	2750500
14	Ah\yq doPâv	1800þ4850	2377977
15	kÀ¡nÄ am\À	1800þ2500	2408066
16	tdmbð hntñPv	1500þ2000	2545261
17	Izmfnän C³ {]knU³kn	1495þ2500	2394040
18	Zn sshäv t^mÀ«v	1350þ2500	2706953
19	Ahe\yq skâÀ tlm«ð	1300þ2800	2315301
20	{Kmâv tlm«ð	1300þ2300	2366833
21	Zn hpUvkv am\À	1200þ2200	2382059
22	hpUvem³kv	1200þ2200	2382051
23	saÀsabvsÍbvkv C³	1195þ1395	2307999
24	A_mZv¹mk	1190þ2995	2381122
25	dnhndmkq«vkv	1100þ7000	2664850
26	sNdmbn _o¨vdntkmÀ«v	1000þ3500	2481818
27	_n.än. F¨v ktcmhcw	1000þ1500	2305519
28	`mcXv tlm«ð	1000þ1500	2361415
29	k¬ CâÀ\mjWð	950þ1400	2364162
30	Zn sat{Sm s]mfmäy³	825þ1500	2376931
31	s_Ìv sht̬ A_mZv t^mÀ«v	800þ1550	2228211
32	tlm«ð kotemÀUv	800þ1500	2382472
33	tlm«ð bphdmWn sdknU³kn	750þ2600	2377040
34	ÌmÀtlmwkv tlm«ð	700þ1800	2323051
35	A_m«vsat{Sm	700þ1400	2364102
36	hn¶À {Ko³ tImt«Pv	650þ850	2380531
37	tlm«ð sIm¨n³ShÀ	600þ1900	2401910
38	CâÀ\mjWð tlm«ð	550þ2500	2382091
39	tlm«ð FIvke³kn	550þ950	2376901
40	tlm«ð sagvkn	377þ805	2367379
41	Izo³kn sdknU³kn	325þ650	2365775
42	t\mÀ¯v s^bvkv SqdnÌv tlmw	300þ1200	2402011
43	Km\w tlm«ðkv	300þ1020	2376123
44	tlm«ð kwKoX t^mÀ«psIm¨n	200þ800	2376123
45	{_ï³t_m«v bmÀUv	4500þ9000	2215461
46	ae_mÀ lukv	3500þ7000	2216666
47	t^mÀ«vsläntäPv	3500þ4500	2215455
48	HmÄUv tImÀ«nbmÀUv	1000þ3500	2216302
49	tlm«ð kwKoX s\Sp¼mtÈcn	220þ575	2217172
50	A_mZv FbÀt]mÀ«v tlm«ð	1800þ2995	2610411
51	Izmfnän FbÀt]mÀ«v tlm«ð	1700þ2800	2610366